WPCL 2BJ\ Z1|xTimes New Roman (TT)Arial (TT)Courier New (TT)Symbol (TT)TimesHelveticaCourierTimes New Roman (TT)Arial (TT)Wingdings (TT)C\  P6QPJ2PQP"d6X@DQ@4a\  P[APAC\  PUPG`2PkCPQd6X@C@YC\  P6QPoJ2PQP{r P?pQP2?phoenix#C\  P6QP# Afinogenova O.G., Ryaboshapko A.G. (1988) Dynamics of atmospheric s igorAllen S. Lefohn 2Default Paragraph FoDefault Paragraph Font11#XP\  P6QXP##C\  P6QP#ListList;1#XP\  P6QXP##C\  P6QP# 3' 3' '3 '3      List#XP\  P6QXP# vZZvZ9 @@@@@@@@vZZvZ9 @@@@@@@@ ..Location CodeCountryHistorical DescriptionGeographical DescriptionImportant DatesData SourceData SourceRemarks..04AfghanistanNo territorial changesMitchellCDIAC..08AlbaniaIndependent since 1810MitchellCDIAC..12AlgeriaAutonomous administrationFormerly part of French West AfricaIndependent since 1962MitchellCDIAC..16American Samoa, Eastern SamoaColony of US since 1899Compromising of islands in the Pacific east of 171$ .Later unincorporated territory administered by USMitchellCDIAC..24AngolaPortuguese colony since 1491The borders set in 1880, adjusted in 1890, and 1927 (with Zaire)Independent since 1975MitchellCDIAC..28Antigua & BarbudaPart of the Leeward Islands (5056)Independent since 1981MitchellCDIACData (5790)..32ArgentinaIndependent since 1816MitchellCDIAC..36AustraliaAutonomous administrationEstablished in 1900MitchellCDIAC..40AustriaUntil 1918 Cisleithanian part of Habsburg monarchyAustria proper, Bohemia, Moravia, Austrian Silesia, Slovenia, and Austrian PolandAter 1918 Austrian RepublicMitchellCDIACCisleithanian Austria data merged with Austria..44BahamasIndependent nation within British CommonwealthMitchellCDIAC..48BahrainBritish protectorate since 1882Independent since 1971MitchellCDIAC..50BangladeshFormerly East PakistanIndependent since 1966MitchellCDIAC..52BarbadosIndependent nation within British CommonwealthMitchellCDIAC..56BelgiumIndependent since 1830MitchellCDIAC..60BermudaBritish colony with various degrees of independenceComplete internal selfgovernment since 1968MitchellCDIAC..64BhutanIndependent since 1907CDIAC..68BoliviaIndependent since 1825MitchellCDIAC..72BotswanaBritish protectorateFormerly BechuanalandIndependent since 1966MitchellCDIAC..76BrazilIndependent since 1822MitchellCDIAC..81Antarctic FisheriesRefers to bunkers delivered by tankers toVessels on the Antartic fishing groundsFuels delivered to Antartic research stations are not includedCDIAC..84BelizeBritish colony with various degrees of independenceFormerly British HondurasComplete internal selfgovernment since 1964MitchellCDIAC..90Solomon IslandsSix large and many small islandsIndependentCDIAC..92British Virgin IslandBritain coloniesMitchellCDIAC..96BruneiBritish protectorate since 1888Independent since 1984.MitchellCDIAC..100BulgariaIndependent since 1878MitchellCDIAC..104BurmaBritish colony since 1826Recently known as MayanmarIndependent from 1947MitchellCDIAC..108BurundiGerman colony since 1890. Part of German East AfricaFormerly part of Ruanda Urundi Belgian mandated territory since 1919Independent since 1962MitchellCDIAC..116CambodiaFrench protectorate since 1863Otherwise known as KampucheaIndependent since 1949, although France lingered until 1953MitchellCDIAC..120CameroonGermany colony since 1884Formerly part of the French Equatorial Africa since 1911Independent since 1961MitchellCDIAC..124CanadaEstablished in 1867MitchellCDIACNewfoundland data merged in Canada..132Cape Verde IslandsPortuguese colony since 1462Independent from 1975MitchellCDIAC..136Cayman IslandsBritish colony with various degrees of independenceMitchellCDIAC..140Central African RepublicFormerly part of French CongoFormerly OubanguiChari as part of French Equatorial Africa since 1910Independent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..141LesothoBritish protectorate#W\  P6QP##XP\  P6QXP#Formerly Basutoland since 1868Independent from 1966MitchellCDIACMerged with South Africa#W\  P6QP#..#XP\  P6QXP#144Sri LankaPortugal, Dutch and British colony until 1948Formerly called CeylonIndependent since 1948MitchellCDIAC..148ChadFrench colony since 1920Part of OubanguiChari, part of French Equatorial Africa.Independent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..152ChileIndependent since 1810MitchellCDIAC..156ChinaAn ancient monarchyBoundaries changed over timeRepublic established in 1911MitchellCDIAC..158TaiwanCeded by China to Japan 18951945Formerly FormosaIndependent since 1945CDIAC..162Christmas IslandFormerly claimed both by US and Great BritainPart of independent Kiribati since 1956CDIAC..170ColombiaIndependent since 1819MitchellCDIAC..174Comoros IslandsFrench colonyIndependent since 1975CDIAC..178CongoFrench colony, since 1910 part of French Equatorial AfricaFormerly Moyen Congo (Brazzaville)Independent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..180ZaireThe Congo Free State from 1885Belgian colony of since1908. Independent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..184Cook IslandsBritish governedNew Zealand governedIndependent since 1965MitchellCDIAC..188Costa RicaIndependent since 1821MitchellCDIAC..192CubaIndependent since 1898MitchellCDIAC..196CyprusAdministered by Britain since 1878Independent from 1960Divided in Turkish and Greek Cyprus from 1974MitchellCDIAC..200CzechoslovakiaEstablished in 1919 from provinces of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia of CisleithaniSlovakia and Ruthenia of TransleithaniMitchellCDIACUntil 1919 no data since part of Austria and Hungary..204Beninautonomous administration since 1904formerly colony of Dahomey, French colonyIndependent since 1960, name change from Dahomey to Benin in 1972MitchellCDIAC..208DenmarkAutonomous statisticsMitchellCDIAC..212DominicaPart of Leeward Islandsindependent since 1978MitchellCDIAC..214Dominican Republicindependent since 1821MitchellCDIAC..215NewfoundlandMitchellCDIACMerged with Canada..218EcuadorIndependent since 1830MitchellCDIAC..222El SalvadorIndependent since 1838MitchellCDIAC..226Equatorial GuineaFormerly Spanish Guinea, consisting ofIsland of Fernando Po and the continental territory of Rio MuniIndependent since 1969MitchellCDIAC..230EthiopiaFormerly known as AbyssiniaFormer Italian colony of Eritrea added in 1952Independent apart Italian administration from 1936 to 1941.MitchellCDIAC..234Faeroe IslandsCDIAC..238Falkland IslandsBritishKnown also as MalvinasMitchellCDIAC..242FijiBritish CommonwealthCDIAC..246FinlandAutonomous since 1800sIndependent since 1917MitchellCDIAC..251France (including Monaco)MitchellCDIAC..254Guiana, FrenchFrench overseas departmentMitchellCDIAC..258Polynesia, FrenchFrench territotyCDIAC..262DjiboutiFrench colonyFormerly French SomalilandIndependent since 1977CDIAC..263Equatorial AfricaFrench colony consisting ofCentral African Republic/OubanguiChari, Chad. Congo, and GabonCeded to exist 1958CDIAC..265IndoChinaFrench protectorate, referred to LaosCambodia and Vietnam administered separately.Independent from 1949, although France lingered until 1953CDIAC..266GabonFrench colony since 1839Formerly part of French Congo, separated in 1910Independent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..267West Africa, FrenchAutonomous administration by member countriesMauritania, Senegal, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Benin, Mali, Burkina Faso, NigerSplit in independent countries by 1960CDIAC..270GambiaBritish colonyIndependent since 1965CDIAC..276Germany, UnifiedBefore 1945Mitchell..278German DemocraticEstablished in1949MitchellCDIAC..280Germany, Federal RepublicEstablished in 1949MitchellCDIAC..288GhanaBritish colony, formerly part of Gold CoastProtectorates Ashanti and Northern Ternaries added in 1896 and 1901 and part of Togo in 1922Independent since 1957MitchellCDIAC..292GibraltarCDIAC..296KiribatiFormerly Gilbert IslandsIndependent since 1976CDIAC..300GreeceIndependent since 1829MitchellCDIAC..304GreenlandAutonomous territoryCDIAC..308GrenadaBritish colony with various degrees of independenceIndependent since 1974MitchellCDIAC..312GuadeloupeFrench overseas departmentPart of Leeward IslandsMitchellCDIAC..316GuamUnincorporated US territotyCDIAC..320GuatemalaIndependent since 1821MitchellCDIAC..324GuineaFrench colony since 1892Independent since 1958MitchellCDIAC..328GuyanaFormerly British GuyanaIndependent since 1966MitchellCDIAC..332HaitiOccupied by USA 19151938Independent since 1804MitchellCDIAC..340HondurasIndependent since 1838MitchellCDIAC..344Hong KongBritish colony since 1841Kowlon added in 1860MitchellCDIAC..348HungaryUntil 1918 Transleithanian part of Habsburg monarchyHungary proper, Transylvania, Croatia and part of DalmatiaAfter 1919 Trianon Hungary established (Hungary proper)MitchellCDIACTransleithanian Hungary data merged with Hungary..352IcelandMitchellCDIAC..356IndiaBritish colony since 1857Present territory since 1947Additions of Portuguese (1961) and French India in (1963)MitchellCDIAC..360IndonesiaDutch colony since 1816Dutch New Guinea added in 1963Independent since 1949MitchellCDIAC..364IranFormerly PersiaMitchellCDIAC..368IraqPart of Ottoman Empire until 1918British colony since 1927Independent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..371Ireland NorthernPart of United KingdomMitchellCDIACData are part of UK..372Ireland26 southern countries established the Republic of IrelandIndependent since 1921MitchellCDIAC..376IsraelPart of Ottoman Empire until 1918British colony of PalestineConstituted in 1948MitchellCDIAC..382Italy (including San Marino)Established in 1860MitchellCDIAC..384Cote D Ivoire, Ivory CoastFrench colony since 1882Changes in territory in 1933 and 1947Independent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..388JamaicaBritish colonyIndependent since 1962MitchellCDIAC..392JapanAn ancient monarchySouthern Sakhalin and Kurile Islands lost to USSR in 1945The Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa) were under US administration 19451972MitchellCDIAC393 Japan (excluding Ryukyu Islands, 195072) merged with 392 Japan to produce continuous Japan data..400JordanPart of Ottoman Empire until 1918British colony of Transjordan 19181946Independent since 1946. West Bank was part of Jordan 19481967, later occupied by IsraelMitchellCDIAC..404KenyaPart of the British East Africa protectorate since 1895Colony since 1920Independent since 1963MitchellCDIAC..407KoreaAdministered autonomouslyUnder Chinese or Japanese rule until 1945Partitioned in 1945, in North and South KoreaMitchell..408Korea, NorthKorea partitioned in 1945MitchellCDIAC..410Korea, SouthKorea partitioned in 1945MitchellCDIAC..415KuwaitBritish protectorate since 1899Independent since 1961MitchellCDIAC..416Kuwai Oil FiresCDIAC..418LaosFrench protectorate since 1893Formerly IndochinaIndependent since 1949MitchellCDIAC..422LebanonPart of Ottoman Empire until 1918Mandated by France from 1921Independent since 1941, administratively separated from Syria in 1950MitchellCDIAC..423Leeward IslandsPartitioned in 1956 in numerous independent countriesCDIAC..430LiberiaIndependent since 1847MitchellCDIAC..434LibyaPart of the Ottoman Empire until ceded to Italy in 1912Administered by Britain and France from 1942 to 1951Independent from 1951MitchellCDIAC..442LuxembourgNo terratorial changesCDIAC..446MacauPortuguese overseas provinceMitchellCDIAC..450MadagascarFrench colony since 1396Comoros Islands added from 1914 to 1946Independent from 1958MitchellCDIAC..451Cape of Good HopeLater part of South AfricaMitchell..452NatalLater part of South AfricaMitchell..454MalawiPart of the British Central Africa protectorate from 1851 to 1907Formerly Nyasaland, 19541963 part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 19541963Independent since 1963MitchellCDIAC..455Malaya/SingaporeAn administrative version of MalaysiaReported separately (from 458 Malaysia)MitchellContains no data. Data merged into 458 Malaysia..457SarawakFormerly British North BorneoMerged into Malaysia in 1963Mitchell..458MalaysiaA merger of Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sabah and Sarawak since 1963MitchellCDIACContains merged data 455 Malaya and 458 Malaysia...459Peninsular MalaysiaAdministrative version of Malaysia (195769)MitchellCDIACReported separately (from 458 Malaysia..461SabahFormerly British North BorneoMerged into Malaysia in 1963MitchellCDIAC..462MaldivesIndpendent since 1965CDIAC..466MaliFrench colony as part of Soudan, Upper Senegal and NigerNumerous territorial changes, since 1904 part of French West AfricaIndependent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..467Italian SomalilandItalian colony since 1884SomaliaMerged and independent since 1960Mitchell..470MaltaNo terratorial changesMitchellCDIAC..474MartiniqueFrench overseas departmentMitchellCDIAC..478MauritaniaFrench colony since 1921, protectorate since 1904Enlarged its territory in 1954 (from Mali)Independent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..480MauritiusBritish colony since 1810Independent since 1968MitchellCDIAC..484MexicoIndependent since 1810MitchellCDIAC..496MongoliaFormerly province of ChinaIndependent since 1911MitchellCDIAC..500MontserratBritishFormerly Leeward IslandsMitchellCDIAC..504MoroccoKingdom of Morocco divided into French and Spanish Morocco from 191256Independent since 1956MitchellCDIAC..508MozambiquePortuguese colonyBoundaries deliniated in 1891, territories added in 1919Independent since 1975MitchellCDIAC..512OmanIndpendent since 1951MitchellCDIAC..516NamibiaSouthWest Africa, German protectorate from 18841915Administered by South AfricaMitchellCDIAC..520NauruFormerly German, Australian mandateFormerly Pleasant IslandIndependent since 1968CDIAC..521Gilbert & Ellice IslandsMitchellCDIAC..524NepalNo territorial changesMitchellCDIAC..528NetherlandsSmall terratorial changesMitchellCDIAC..530Netherland AntillesMitchellCDIAC..532Netherland Antilles and ArubaCDIAC..533ArubaFormerly part of Netherlands AntillesIndependent since 1986CDIAC..540New CaledoniaFrench territoryMitchellCDIAC..548VanuatuFormerly under BritishFrench control, later, US controlFormerly New HebridesIndependent since 1980MitchellCDIAC..554New ZealandEstablished in 1840MitchellCDIACAll coal data combined in hard coal data..558NicaraguaIndependent since 1838Mitchell..562NigerFrench colonySeparated from French Soudan in 1922, territories added in 1933 (from Upper Volta) but returned in 1947Independent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..566NigeriaBritish colony since 1861Numerous British protectorate and territory arrangements and exchanges with neighboring territoriesIndependent and within present borders since 1960MitchellCDIAC..570NiueNew Zealand territoryCDIAC..579NorwayIndependent since 1905MitchellCDIAC..582Pacific IslandsUS trust territoryCDIAC..586PakistanBritish colony until 1947Administered separatelyIndependent since 1972MitchellCDIAC..588Pakistan, East and WestCreated by partition of British Indian Empire in 1947Separated into Pakistan and Bangladesh in 1972CDIAC..590Panama (excluding the Canal Zone)CDIAC..591PanamaIndependent since 1903MitchellCDIACData (5079)..592Former Panama Canal ZoneCDIACData (8090)..598Papua New GuineaFormerly British, German, Australian holdings of different portions of the islandIndependent since 1975MitchellCDIAC..600ParaguayIndependent since 1814MitchellCDIAC..604PeruIndependent since 1821MitchellCDIAC..608PhilippinesSpanish colony since 1565Administered separatelyIndependent since 1946MitchellCDIAC..616PolandAutonomous statistics before 1919Independent since 1919MitchellCDIAC18501930) coal data Jaros J. (1975) zarys dziejow gornictwa weglowego, Warszawa, Krakow..620PortugalNo terratorial changesMitchellCDIAC..624Guinea BissauPortuguese colonyIndependent since 1975MitchellCDIAC..625Timor, EastPortuguese colonyClaimed by IndonesiaUN does not recognize Indonesian sovereignityMitchellCDIAC..630Puerto RicoAcquired for United States in 1899MitchellCDIAC..634QatarIndependent since 1971MitchellCDIAC..635PalestineBritish colony until 1948Ceded to Israel MitchellCDIAC..638ReunionFrench colony since 1642Formerly Bourbon Overseas department since 1948MitchellCDIAC..642RomaniaIndependent since 1859MitchellCDIAC..645Rwanda UrundiGerman colony since 1890Part of German East Africa and part of Belgian mandated territory of Ruanda Urundi since 1919Split in Burundi and Rwanda since1962MitchellCDIAC..646RwandaGerman colony since 1890Part of German East Africa, since 1919 part of Belgian mandated territory of 645 Ruanda Urundi Independent since 1962MitchellCDIAC..647Ryukyu Islands (5072)Known as Okinawa, formerly JapaneseControlled by US 19451972Returned to Japan in 1972CDIAC..654Saint HelenaBritish colonyMitchellCDIAC..658St. KittsNevisAnguillaBritish colonyFormerly Leeward IslandsMitchellCDIACData (5780)..659St. KittsNevisBritish colonyFormerly Leeward IslandsCDIACData (8190)..662Saint LuciaMitchellCDIAC..666St. Pierre & MiquelonCDIAC..670Saint Vincent & the GrenadinesMitchellCDIAC..678Sao Tome & PrincipePortuguese colony since 1522Independent since 1975MitchellCDIAC..684Saudi ArabiaPart of Ottoman empire until 1927Independent since 1927 MitchellCDIAC..686Senegal.French colonyPart of 267 French West Africa.Independent from 1961MitchellCDIAC..690SeychellesBritish colonyIndependent since 1976MitchellCDIAC..694Sierra LeoneFrench colony (1787) and then protectorate (1896) Independent since 1961MitchellCDIAC..702SingaporeBritish colony since 1819Different administrative arrangements with British colonies and MalaysiaIndependent since 1957MitchellCDIAC..704Viet NamFrench colonyFormerly part of Indochina but administered separatelySplit in North and South from 1955 to 1970, reunited as a single country in 1970MitchellCDIAC..706SomaliaBritish colony (British Somaliland)And Italian (Italian Somaliland) since 1884Merged and independent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..710South AfricaBritish colonies of Cape of Good Hope, Natal, Transvaal and Dutch Cape Colony constituted in 1910 the Union of South AfricaRepublic since 1961MitchellCDIAC..716ZimbabweBritishFormerly Southern Rhodesia from 19241954, from 1954 to 1963 as Federation of Rhodesia and NyasalandIndependent since 1964MitchellCDIAC..717Rhodesia NyasalandExisted 1954 to 1963 as Federation of Rhodesia and NyasalandSplit in Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi since 1964Mitchell,CDIAC..720Yemen, Democratic Peoples RepublicFormerly Southern YemenIndependent since 1967CDIAC..724SpainNo territory changesMitchellCDIAC..732Sahara, WesternSpanish colonyCeded to Morocco since 1975MitchellCDIAC..736SudanUnder Egyptian rule until 1882De facto independent (condominium) since 1898Independent since 1956MitchellCDIAC..740SurinameVarios forms of independence since 1866Formerly Netherlands GuianaIndependent since 1975CDIAC..748SwazilandBritish protectorate (different stages) since 1881Independent since 1968MitchellCDIAC..752SwedenNo territory changes since 1809MitchellCDIAC..757SwitzerlandSmall territorial changesMitchellCDIAC..760SyriaPart of Ottoman empire until 1918A French mandate 19201941Independent since 1941MitchellCDIAC..764ThailandFormerly Siam until 1939MitchellCDIAC..768TogoGerman protectorate since 1894Part of British, French and League of Nations mandated territory since 1922Independent since 1960, the British part was incorporated in Ghana, and the French part became TogoMitchellCDIAC..776TongaBritish protectorateIndependent since 1970CDIAC..780Trinidad and TobagoBritish colony since 1802Joined administratively with Tobago in 1899MitchellCDIAC..784United Arab EmiratesTrucial OmanIndependent since 1971MitchellCDIAC..788TunisiaFrench protectorate from 1881Independent since 1956MitchellCDIAC..792TurkeyEstablished after the collapse of Ottoman Empire 1918The Sanjak Hatay added from Syria in 1939MitchellCDIAC..796Turks and CaicosBritish colonyMitchellCDIAC..800UgandaBritish protectorate since 1894Independent since 1962MitchellCDIAC..810USSRRussia until 1917MitchellCDIAC..814EstoniaIndependent 19191945Mitchell..818EgyptNominally under the Ottoman EmpireBritish occupied but in practice independent since 1882Independent since 1952MitchellCDIAC..819LatviaIndependent 19191945Mitchell..820LithuaniaIndependent 19191945Mitchell..826United KingdomIncluded Ireland until 1921UK refferes to Great Britain and Northern IrelandMitchellCDIAC..834TanzaniaGerman colony since 1884Formerly Tanganyika as part of German East Africa, since 1918 British mandated territoryIndependent since 1964 when Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar as United Republic of TanzaniaMitchellCDIACdata >1970..835TanganyikaGerman colony since 1884 as part of German East AfricaBritish mandated territory since 1918Independent since 1964 when Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar as United Republic of TanzaniaMitchellCDIACdata 19501969..836ZanzibarBritish mandated territory since 1918Independent since 1964 when Tanganyika merged with Zanzibar as United Republic of TanzaniaMitchell..840America, United StatesAlaska and Hawaii acquired in 1867 and 1898, respectivelyIndependent since 1776MitchellCDIAC..850Virgin Island, U.SUnincorporated territory of U.SMitchellCDIAC..854Burkina FasoFrench colony, part of French West AfricaFormerly Upper Volta. constituted in 1919 from parts of Upper Senegal and Niger. Between 19331947 it was divided between surrounding countriesIndependent since 1960MitchellCDIAC..858UruguayIndependent since 1825MitchellCDIAC..862VenezuelaIndependent since 1830MitchellCDIAC..866Vietnam, Democratic Republic (North)Separate country 19551970In 1970 united with South into VietnamCDIACData in CDIAC (19551969)..868Vietnam, South RepublicIndependent 19551970In 1970 united with north into VietnamCDIACData in CDIAC (19551969)..872Wake IslandUS military base and islandCDIAC..882SamoaCompromising of islands in the Pacific west of 171 degree WFormerly a German colony (1899), New Zealand (1914)Independent as Western Samoa, since 1961CDIAC..886Yemen, North (Sana)Yemen Arab RepublicIndependent since 1967MitchellCDIAC..887Yemen, South (Aden)Formerly British protectorate and colony AdenIndependent since 1967MitchellCDIAC..890YugoslaviaConstitu\uted in 1919MitchellCDIAC..891BosniaSince 1919 part of YugoslaviaMitchell..894ZambiaBritish colony, formerly Northern Rhodesia from 19241954,From 1954 to 1963 as Federation of Rhodesia and NyasalandIndependent since 1964MitchellCDIAC..895SerbiaIndependent since 1878Since 1919 part of YugoslaviaMitchell     X` hp x (#` hp x (#%'0*,.